ARCHIVES
Original Article
Secure and Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks through 5G Integration and Quantum Key Distribution
Rasiya Anwar1
Dr. S. Mangayarkarasi2
1 2 Department of Advanced Computing and Analytics, School of Computing, VISTAS, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
Published Online: September-December 2025
Pages: 222-229
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/indjcst.20250403035
References
1. Kaur, G.; Singh, P.; Sharma, R. A comprehensive review on wireless sensor networks: Energy efficiency, security and emerging trends. Sensors 2023, 23, 11245. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23124567
2. Zhao, T.; Li, Y.; Liang, H. Low-power routing strategies for large-scale wireless sensor deployments. IEEE Internet Things J. 2023, 10, 15432–15445.
3. Ahmed, M.; Rehman, S.; Kim, H. Energy-aware cluster-based WSN architectures: A survey of recent advances. ACM Trans. Sen. Netw. 2024, 20, 18.
4. Gupta, R.; Patel, D. 5G-enabled IoT: Performance evaluation for ultra-low-latency sensor communications. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2023, 61, 72–78.
5. Mehmood, A.; Khan, I.; Alazab, A. Edge-assisted 5G IoT networks for real-time analytics: Opportunities and challenges. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 2024, 152, 389–402.
6. Pirandola, S.; Andersen, U.L.; Banchi, L. Advances in quantum cryptography. Adv. Opt. Photon. 2023, 15, 1–95.
7. Mosca, M.; Muratov, A. Cybersecurity in the quantum era: Assessing post-quantum readiness. IEEE Secur. Priv. 2024, 22, 30–38.
8. Zhang, Z.; Xu, Y.; Huang, H. QKD-enabled IoT: A survey on quantum-safe communication for constrained devices. Sensors 2024, 24, 4560. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/s24124560
9. Ren, L.; Wang, K.; Liu, Y. Experimental QKD in noisy channels: Performance limits and QBER stability. Opt. Express 2023, 31, 31245–31260.
10. Ng, S.; Wong, R. Hybrid classical–quantum architectures for secure distributed systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 4–8 December 2023; pp. 1–6.
11. Ghiasi, A.; Bahrami, A.; Liu, J. Integrating quantum cryptography into 6G/IoT frameworks: Challenges and future trends. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2024, 20, 1893–1906.
12. Bhattacharya, P.; Chakraborty, R. Security vulnerabilities in modern WSN deployments: A systematic review. Comput. Secur. 2024, 135, 103149.
13. Shor, P.W. Algorithms for quantum computation: Discrete logarithms and factoring. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Santa Fe, NM, USA, 20–22 November 1994; pp. 124–134.
14. Roetteler, M.; Naehrig, M.; Svore, K.M. Quantum resource estimates for computing elliptic curve discrete logarithms. Adv. Cryptol. ASIACRYPT 2023, pp. 241–270.
15. Chen, L.; Jordan, S.; Liu, Y.-K. Post-quantum cryptography and long-term security considerations for IoT networks. NIST Tech. Rep. 2024, 1–45.
16. Scarani, V.; Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H.; Lütkenhaus, N. The security of practical QKD implementations. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2024, 96, 025003.
17. Xu, F.; Ma, X.; Zhang, Q. Quantum key distribution with realistic imperfections: A tutorial. IEEE Trans. Quantum Eng. 2023, 4, 1–25.
18. Sharma, A.; Rao, K. Feasibility of QKD for low-power IoT devices: Modelling and analysis. IEEE Access 2024, 12, 5567–5583.
19. Akhtar, M.; Basu, S. Lightweight QKD integration in WSNs: Energy and security implications. Sensors 2023, 23, 9803.
20. Li, P.; Wang, J.; Han, T. Quantum-secure clustering for wireless sensor networks: A performance study. Ad Hoc Netw. 2024, 159, 103254.
21. Dimitriou, T.; Papadopoulos, P. QBER-driven adaptive key refresh for resource-constrained networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 2025, 12, 1098–1112.
22. Kwon, Y.; Kim, J. 5G–IoT co-design: Optimizing latency for time-critical sensor data. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2024, 23, 7652–7665.
23. Rahman, F.; Ali, T. Comparative evaluation of LEACH, MULE, and hybrid routing protocols in next-generation WSNs. Comput. Netw. 2023, 237, 110627.
24. Tanwar, S.; Singh, D. 5G-enabled sensor communication and its implications for edge intelligence. IEEE Netw. 2024, 38, 52–59.
25. Ghosh, A.; Panda, S. Modeling energy consumption in 5G-enabled WSN frameworks. IEEE Syst. J. 2024, 18, 3210–3221.
26. Dey, R.; Singh, T. Quantum noise modelling and its impact on QKD-based IoT security. Future Internet 2024, 16, 210.
27. Watanabe, A.; Suzuki, M. Performance evaluation of QKD over metropolitan networks with realistic photon loss. J. Lightwave Technol. 2024, 42, 7850–7862.
28. Bera, S.; Roy, S. Low-latency 5G communication for real-time sensor networks. Sensors 2024, 24, 5123.
29. Chen, Z.; Long, Y. Joint latency–security optimization in 5G-enabled cyber–physical systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2025, 72, 944–955.
30. Aldossary, M.; Alqahtani, S. Quantum-safe communication for IoT using hybrid classical–quantum models. Electronics 2023, 12, 989.
2. Zhao, T.; Li, Y.; Liang, H. Low-power routing strategies for large-scale wireless sensor deployments. IEEE Internet Things J. 2023, 10, 15432–15445.
3. Ahmed, M.; Rehman, S.; Kim, H. Energy-aware cluster-based WSN architectures: A survey of recent advances. ACM Trans. Sen. Netw. 2024, 20, 18.
4. Gupta, R.; Patel, D. 5G-enabled IoT: Performance evaluation for ultra-low-latency sensor communications. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2023, 61, 72–78.
5. Mehmood, A.; Khan, I.; Alazab, A. Edge-assisted 5G IoT networks for real-time analytics: Opportunities and challenges. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 2024, 152, 389–402.
6. Pirandola, S.; Andersen, U.L.; Banchi, L. Advances in quantum cryptography. Adv. Opt. Photon. 2023, 15, 1–95.
7. Mosca, M.; Muratov, A. Cybersecurity in the quantum era: Assessing post-quantum readiness. IEEE Secur. Priv. 2024, 22, 30–38.
8. Zhang, Z.; Xu, Y.; Huang, H. QKD-enabled IoT: A survey on quantum-safe communication for constrained devices. Sensors 2024, 24, 4560. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/s24124560
9. Ren, L.; Wang, K.; Liu, Y. Experimental QKD in noisy channels: Performance limits and QBER stability. Opt. Express 2023, 31, 31245–31260.
10. Ng, S.; Wong, R. Hybrid classical–quantum architectures for secure distributed systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 4–8 December 2023; pp. 1–6.
11. Ghiasi, A.; Bahrami, A.; Liu, J. Integrating quantum cryptography into 6G/IoT frameworks: Challenges and future trends. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2024, 20, 1893–1906.
12. Bhattacharya, P.; Chakraborty, R. Security vulnerabilities in modern WSN deployments: A systematic review. Comput. Secur. 2024, 135, 103149.
13. Shor, P.W. Algorithms for quantum computation: Discrete logarithms and factoring. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Santa Fe, NM, USA, 20–22 November 1994; pp. 124–134.
14. Roetteler, M.; Naehrig, M.; Svore, K.M. Quantum resource estimates for computing elliptic curve discrete logarithms. Adv. Cryptol. ASIACRYPT 2023, pp. 241–270.
15. Chen, L.; Jordan, S.; Liu, Y.-K. Post-quantum cryptography and long-term security considerations for IoT networks. NIST Tech. Rep. 2024, 1–45.
16. Scarani, V.; Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H.; Lütkenhaus, N. The security of practical QKD implementations. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2024, 96, 025003.
17. Xu, F.; Ma, X.; Zhang, Q. Quantum key distribution with realistic imperfections: A tutorial. IEEE Trans. Quantum Eng. 2023, 4, 1–25.
18. Sharma, A.; Rao, K. Feasibility of QKD for low-power IoT devices: Modelling and analysis. IEEE Access 2024, 12, 5567–5583.
19. Akhtar, M.; Basu, S. Lightweight QKD integration in WSNs: Energy and security implications. Sensors 2023, 23, 9803.
20. Li, P.; Wang, J.; Han, T. Quantum-secure clustering for wireless sensor networks: A performance study. Ad Hoc Netw. 2024, 159, 103254.
21. Dimitriou, T.; Papadopoulos, P. QBER-driven adaptive key refresh for resource-constrained networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 2025, 12, 1098–1112.
22. Kwon, Y.; Kim, J. 5G–IoT co-design: Optimizing latency for time-critical sensor data. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2024, 23, 7652–7665.
23. Rahman, F.; Ali, T. Comparative evaluation of LEACH, MULE, and hybrid routing protocols in next-generation WSNs. Comput. Netw. 2023, 237, 110627.
24. Tanwar, S.; Singh, D. 5G-enabled sensor communication and its implications for edge intelligence. IEEE Netw. 2024, 38, 52–59.
25. Ghosh, A.; Panda, S. Modeling energy consumption in 5G-enabled WSN frameworks. IEEE Syst. J. 2024, 18, 3210–3221.
26. Dey, R.; Singh, T. Quantum noise modelling and its impact on QKD-based IoT security. Future Internet 2024, 16, 210.
27. Watanabe, A.; Suzuki, M. Performance evaluation of QKD over metropolitan networks with realistic photon loss. J. Lightwave Technol. 2024, 42, 7850–7862.
28. Bera, S.; Roy, S. Low-latency 5G communication for real-time sensor networks. Sensors 2024, 24, 5123.
29. Chen, Z.; Long, Y. Joint latency–security optimization in 5G-enabled cyber–physical systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2025, 72, 944–955.
30. Aldossary, M.; Alqahtani, S. Quantum-safe communication for IoT using hybrid classical–quantum models. Electronics 2023, 12, 989.
Related Articles
2025
Transforming Cyber-Physical Systems: Machine Learning for Secure and Efficient Solutions
2025
Exploring AI Techniques for Quantum Threat Detection and Prevention
2025
Maturity Models for Business Intelligence: An Overview
2025
INSPIRO: An AI Driven Institution Auditor
2025
Adaptive AI Framework for Anomaly Detection and DDoS Mitigation in Distributed Systems
2025
Predictive Modeling for College Admission Using Machine Learning and Statistical Methods
Share Article
Or copy link
https://www.indjcst.com/archives/secure-and-energy-efficient-wireless-sensor-networks-through-5g-integration-and-quantum-key-distribution
*Instagram doesn't support direct link sharing from web. Copy the link and share it in your Instagram story or post.