Current - Issue
Year 2026 · Volume 5 · Issue 3
Original Article
Med-Chain: A Privacy-Preserving Blockchain–Cloud Hybrid Framework for Secure Healthcare Data Validation Using zk-SNARKs
Talat Anjum1
Mirza Moiz Big2
Dr.Supriya Sawwashere3
Dr. Shrikant Sonekar4
1 3 4 Department of Computer Science Engineering, JDCOEM, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science Engineering, JDCOEM, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
Published Online: September-December 2026
Pages: 125-131
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/indjcst.20260503016
References
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2. V. Buterin, "Ethereum: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform," White Paper, 2014.
3. S. Goldwasser, S. Micali, and C. Rackoff, "The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems," SIAM J. Comput., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 186–208, 1989.
4. B. Parno, J. Howell, C. Gentry, and M. Raykova, "Pinocchio: Nearly practical verifiable computation," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2013, pp. 238–252.
5. J. Groth, "On the size of pairing-based non-interactive arguments," in Proc. EUROCRYPT, Vienna, Austria, 2016, pp. 305–326.
6. E. Ben-Sasson, A. Chiesa, E. Tromer, and M. Virza, "Succinct non-interactive zero knowledge for a von Neumann architecture," in Proc. 23rd USENIX Security Symp., San Diego, CA, USA, 2014, pp. 781–796.
7. E. Ben-Sasson et al., "Zerocash: Decentralized anonymous payments from Bitcoin," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, San Jose, CA, USA, 2014, pp. 459–474.
8. E. Ben-Sasson, I. Bentov, Y. Horesh, and M. Riabzev, "Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity," IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., Rep. 2018/046, 2018.
9. A. Gabizon, Z. J. Williamson, and O. Ciobotaru, "PLONK: Permutations over Lagrange-bases for oecumenical noninteractive arguments of knowledge," IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., Rep. 2019/953, 2019.
10. B. Bünz et al., "Bulletproofs: Short proofs for confidential transactions and more," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2018, pp. 315–334.
11. L. Grassi, D. Khovratovich, C. Rechberger, A. Roy, and M. Schofnegger, "Poseidon: A new hash function for zero-knowledge proof systems," in Proc. 30th USENIX Security Symp., 2021, pp. 519–535.
12. J. Eberhardt and S. Tai, "ZoKrates — Scalable privacy-preserving off-chain computations," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain, Halifax, NS, Canada, 2018, pp. 1084–1091.
13. A. Kosba, A. Miller, E. Shi, Z. Wen, and C. Papamanthou, "Hawk: The blockchain model of cryptography and privacy-preserving smart contracts," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, San Jose, CA, USA, 2016, pp. 839–858.
14. A. Azaria, A. Ekblaw, T. Vieira, and A. Lippman, "MedRec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Open Big Data, Vienna, Austria, 2016, pp. 25–30.
15. Q. Xia, E. B. Sifah, K. O. Asamoah, J. Gao, X. Du, and M. Guizani, "MeDShare: Trust-less medical data sharing among cloud service providers via blockchain," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 14757–14767, 2017.
16. G. G. Dagher, J. Mohler, M. Milojkovic, and P. B. Marella, "Ancile: Privacy-preserving framework for access control and interoperability of electronic health records using blockchain technology," Sustain. Cities Soc., vol. 39, pp. 283–297, 2018.
17. X. Yue, H. Wang, D. Jin, M. Li, and W. Jiang, "Healthcare data gateways: Found healthcare intelligence on blockchain with novel privacy risk control," J. Med. Syst., vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1–8, 2016.
18. A. Al Omar, M. S. Rahman, A. Basu, and S. Kiyomoto, "MediBchain: A blockchain-based privacy preserving platform for healthcare data," in Proc. SpaCCS, Guangzhou, China, 2017, pp. 534–543.
19. P. Zhang, J. White, D. C. Schmidt, G. Lenz, and S. T. Rosenbloom, "FHIRChain: Applying blockchain to securely and scalably share clinical data," Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J., vol. 16, pp. 267–278, 2018.
20. A. Shahnaz, U. Qamar, and A. Khalid, "Using blockchain for electronic health records," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 147782–147795, 2019.
21. D. C. Nguyen, P. N. Pathirana, M. Ding, and A. Seneviratne, "Blockchain for secure EHRs sharing of mobile cloud-based e-health systems," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 66792–66806, 2019.
22. K. Fan, S. Wang, Y. Ren, H. Li, and Y. Yang, "MedBlock: Efficient and secure medical data sharing via blockchain," J. Med. Syst., vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1–11, 2018.
23. R. Guo, H. Shi, Q. Zhao, and D. Zheng, "Secure attribute-based signature scheme with multiple authorities for blockchain in electronic health records systems," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 11676–11686, 2018.
24. L. Chen, W.-K. Lee, C.-C. Chang, K.-K. R. Choo, and N. Zhang, "Blockchain based searchable encryption for electronic health record sharing," Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 95, pp. 420–429, 2019.
25. S. Tanwar, K. Parekh, and R. Evans, "Blockchain-based electronic healthcare record system for healthcare 4.0 applications," J. Inf. Secur. Appl., vol. 50, 102407, 2020.26. M. Hölbl, M. Kompara, A. Kamišalić, and L. Nemec Zlatolas, "A systematic review of the use of blockchain in healthcare," Symmetry, vol. 10, no. 10, 470, 2018.
27. G. Zyskind, O. Nathan, and A. Pentland, "Decentralizing privacy: Using blockchain to protect personal data," in Proc. IEEE Security Privacy Workshops, San Jose, CA, USA, 2015, pp. 180–184.
28. J. Benet, "IPFS — Content addressed, versioned, P2P file system," arXiv: 1407.3561, 2014.
29. J. Bethencourt, A. Sahai, and B. Waters, "Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, Oakland, CA, USA, 2007, pp. 321–334.
30. M. Castro and B. Liskov, "Practical Byzantine fault tolerance," in Proc. 3rd OSDI, New Orleans, LA, USA, 1999, pp. 173–186.
31. T. McGhin, K.-K. R. Choo, C. Z. Liu, and D. He, "Blockchain in healthcare applications: Research challenges and opportunities," J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 135, pp. 62–75, 2019.
32. A. Haddad, M. H. Habaebi, M. R. Islam, N. F. Hasbullah, and S. A. Zabidi, "Systematic review on AI-blockchain based e-healthcare records management systems," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 94583–94615, 2022.
33. T.-T. Kuo, H.-E. Kim, and L. Ohno-Machado, "Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications," J. Amer. Med. Inform. Assoc., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1211–1220, 2017.
34. H. Wu and F. Wang, "A survey of noninteractive zero knowledge proof system and its applications," Sci. World J., vol. 2014, 560484, 2014.
35. A. Ekblaw, A. Azaria, J. D. Halamka, and A. Lippman, "A case study for blockchain in healthcare: MedRec prototype for electronic health records and medical research data," MIT Media Lab, White Paper, 2016.
36. NIST, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)," FIPS PUB 197, 2001.
37. U.S. Dept. Health Human Services, "HIPAA Security Rule," 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164, 2003.
38. European Union, "General Data Protection Regulation," Regulation (EU) 2016/679, 2016.
39. Government of India, "The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023," Ministry of Law and Justice, 2023.
40. National Health Authority, Government of India, "Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: Health data management policy," 2022.
2. V. Buterin, "Ethereum: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform," White Paper, 2014.
3. S. Goldwasser, S. Micali, and C. Rackoff, "The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems," SIAM J. Comput., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 186–208, 1989.
4. B. Parno, J. Howell, C. Gentry, and M. Raykova, "Pinocchio: Nearly practical verifiable computation," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2013, pp. 238–252.
5. J. Groth, "On the size of pairing-based non-interactive arguments," in Proc. EUROCRYPT, Vienna, Austria, 2016, pp. 305–326.
6. E. Ben-Sasson, A. Chiesa, E. Tromer, and M. Virza, "Succinct non-interactive zero knowledge for a von Neumann architecture," in Proc. 23rd USENIX Security Symp., San Diego, CA, USA, 2014, pp. 781–796.
7. E. Ben-Sasson et al., "Zerocash: Decentralized anonymous payments from Bitcoin," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, San Jose, CA, USA, 2014, pp. 459–474.
8. E. Ben-Sasson, I. Bentov, Y. Horesh, and M. Riabzev, "Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity," IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., Rep. 2018/046, 2018.
9. A. Gabizon, Z. J. Williamson, and O. Ciobotaru, "PLONK: Permutations over Lagrange-bases for oecumenical noninteractive arguments of knowledge," IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., Rep. 2019/953, 2019.
10. B. Bünz et al., "Bulletproofs: Short proofs for confidential transactions and more," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2018, pp. 315–334.
11. L. Grassi, D. Khovratovich, C. Rechberger, A. Roy, and M. Schofnegger, "Poseidon: A new hash function for zero-knowledge proof systems," in Proc. 30th USENIX Security Symp., 2021, pp. 519–535.
12. J. Eberhardt and S. Tai, "ZoKrates — Scalable privacy-preserving off-chain computations," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Blockchain, Halifax, NS, Canada, 2018, pp. 1084–1091.
13. A. Kosba, A. Miller, E. Shi, Z. Wen, and C. Papamanthou, "Hawk: The blockchain model of cryptography and privacy-preserving smart contracts," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, San Jose, CA, USA, 2016, pp. 839–858.
14. A. Azaria, A. Ekblaw, T. Vieira, and A. Lippman, "MedRec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Open Big Data, Vienna, Austria, 2016, pp. 25–30.
15. Q. Xia, E. B. Sifah, K. O. Asamoah, J. Gao, X. Du, and M. Guizani, "MeDShare: Trust-less medical data sharing among cloud service providers via blockchain," IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 14757–14767, 2017.
16. G. G. Dagher, J. Mohler, M. Milojkovic, and P. B. Marella, "Ancile: Privacy-preserving framework for access control and interoperability of electronic health records using blockchain technology," Sustain. Cities Soc., vol. 39, pp. 283–297, 2018.
17. X. Yue, H. Wang, D. Jin, M. Li, and W. Jiang, "Healthcare data gateways: Found healthcare intelligence on blockchain with novel privacy risk control," J. Med. Syst., vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1–8, 2016.
18. A. Al Omar, M. S. Rahman, A. Basu, and S. Kiyomoto, "MediBchain: A blockchain-based privacy preserving platform for healthcare data," in Proc. SpaCCS, Guangzhou, China, 2017, pp. 534–543.
19. P. Zhang, J. White, D. C. Schmidt, G. Lenz, and S. T. Rosenbloom, "FHIRChain: Applying blockchain to securely and scalably share clinical data," Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J., vol. 16, pp. 267–278, 2018.
20. A. Shahnaz, U. Qamar, and A. Khalid, "Using blockchain for electronic health records," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 147782–147795, 2019.
21. D. C. Nguyen, P. N. Pathirana, M. Ding, and A. Seneviratne, "Blockchain for secure EHRs sharing of mobile cloud-based e-health systems," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 66792–66806, 2019.
22. K. Fan, S. Wang, Y. Ren, H. Li, and Y. Yang, "MedBlock: Efficient and secure medical data sharing via blockchain," J. Med. Syst., vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1–11, 2018.
23. R. Guo, H. Shi, Q. Zhao, and D. Zheng, "Secure attribute-based signature scheme with multiple authorities for blockchain in electronic health records systems," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 11676–11686, 2018.
24. L. Chen, W.-K. Lee, C.-C. Chang, K.-K. R. Choo, and N. Zhang, "Blockchain based searchable encryption for electronic health record sharing," Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 95, pp. 420–429, 2019.
25. S. Tanwar, K. Parekh, and R. Evans, "Blockchain-based electronic healthcare record system for healthcare 4.0 applications," J. Inf. Secur. Appl., vol. 50, 102407, 2020.26. M. Hölbl, M. Kompara, A. Kamišalić, and L. Nemec Zlatolas, "A systematic review of the use of blockchain in healthcare," Symmetry, vol. 10, no. 10, 470, 2018.
27. G. Zyskind, O. Nathan, and A. Pentland, "Decentralizing privacy: Using blockchain to protect personal data," in Proc. IEEE Security Privacy Workshops, San Jose, CA, USA, 2015, pp. 180–184.
28. J. Benet, "IPFS — Content addressed, versioned, P2P file system," arXiv: 1407.3561, 2014.
29. J. Bethencourt, A. Sahai, and B. Waters, "Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Security Privacy, Oakland, CA, USA, 2007, pp. 321–334.
30. M. Castro and B. Liskov, "Practical Byzantine fault tolerance," in Proc. 3rd OSDI, New Orleans, LA, USA, 1999, pp. 173–186.
31. T. McGhin, K.-K. R. Choo, C. Z. Liu, and D. He, "Blockchain in healthcare applications: Research challenges and opportunities," J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 135, pp. 62–75, 2019.
32. A. Haddad, M. H. Habaebi, M. R. Islam, N. F. Hasbullah, and S. A. Zabidi, "Systematic review on AI-blockchain based e-healthcare records management systems," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 94583–94615, 2022.
33. T.-T. Kuo, H.-E. Kim, and L. Ohno-Machado, "Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications," J. Amer. Med. Inform. Assoc., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1211–1220, 2017.
34. H. Wu and F. Wang, "A survey of noninteractive zero knowledge proof system and its applications," Sci. World J., vol. 2014, 560484, 2014.
35. A. Ekblaw, A. Azaria, J. D. Halamka, and A. Lippman, "A case study for blockchain in healthcare: MedRec prototype for electronic health records and medical research data," MIT Media Lab, White Paper, 2016.
36. NIST, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)," FIPS PUB 197, 2001.
37. U.S. Dept. Health Human Services, "HIPAA Security Rule," 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164, 2003.
38. European Union, "General Data Protection Regulation," Regulation (EU) 2016/679, 2016.
39. Government of India, "The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023," Ministry of Law and Justice, 2023.
40. National Health Authority, Government of India, "Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: Health data management policy," 2022.
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