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Review Article

Stakeholder-Specific Autonomous Vehicle Explanations: Ecologically Valid Evaluation beyond Simulator-Only Studies

Open Access Peer Reviewed Crossref DOI

Authors

  • Shubham Chauhan1
  • Yogesh Banyal2
  • Mohit Kalyan3

1 2 3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, APG Shimla University, Himachal Pradesh , India.

Article Information

Published Online
September-December 2026
Pages
806-819
Article Type
Review Article
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References

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2. Anton Kuznietsov, Balint Gyevnar, Cheng Wang, Steven Peters, Stefano V. Albrecht, "Explainable AI for Safe and Trustworthy Autonomous Driving: A Systematic Review", arXiv:2402.10086v2 [cs.RO], 2024.
3. Xiaowei Gao, Pengxiang Li, Yitai Cheng, Ruihan Xu, James Haworth, Stephen Law, Yun Ye, "UniDrive: A Unified Vision-Language and Grounding Framework for Interpretable Risk Understanding in Autonomous Driving", arXiv preprint (cs.CV); preprint submitted to Elsevier, 2026.
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5. Xiongfei Wu, Mingfei Cheng, Xiaoning Ren, Qiang Hu, Jianlang Chen, Yuheng Huang, Maxime Cordy, Yao Zhang, Xiaofei Xie, Lei Ma, Yves Le Traon, "Foundation Models for Autonomous Driving Systems: An Initial Roadmap", arXiv:2504.00911v2 [cs.SE] (Manuscript submitted to ACM), 2026.
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8. Reeteesha Roy, "Designing the Drive: Enhancing User Experience through Adaptive Interfaces in Autonomous Vehicles", arXiv preprint (cs.HC), 2025.
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11. Sara Montese, Victor Gimenez-Abalos, Atia Cortés, Ulises Cortés, Sergio Alvarez-Napagao, "Explaining Autonomous Vehicles with Intention-aware Policy Graphs", arXiv:2505.08404v1 [cs.AI], 2025.
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14. Jiangbo Yu, Raphaël Frank, Luis Miranda-Moreno, Sasan Jafarnejad, Jônatas Augusto Manzolli, Fuqiang Liu, Jiyao Wang, Pavel Chernakov, Ali Eslami, "Agentic Vehicles for Human-Centered Mobility: Definition, Prospects, and Synergistic Co-Development with Vehicle Autonomy", 2026 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Naples, Italy (pre-print accepted; arXiv:2507.04996v11), 2026.
15. Kemal Oksuz, Alexandru Buburuzan, Anthony Knittel, Yuhan Yao, Puneet K. Dokania, "Foundation Models for Trajectory Planning in Autonomous Driving: A Review of Progress and Open Challenges", arXiv preprint (cs.RO, 2512.00021v2), 2026.
16. Can Cui, Yunsheng Ma, Sung-Yeon Park, Zichong Yang, Yupeng Zhou, Peiran Liu, Juanwu Lu, Juntong Peng, Jiaru Zhang, Ruqi Zhang, Lingxi Li, Yaobin Chen, Jitesh H. Panchal, Amr Abdelraouf, Rohit Gupta, Kyungtae Han, Ziran Wang, "LLM4AD: Large Language Models for Autonomous Driving — Concept, Review, Benchmark, Experiments, and Future Trends", arXiv:2410.15281v5 [cs.RO], 2025.
17. Yuan Gao, Mattia Piccinini, Yuchen Zhang, Dingrui Wang, Korbinian Moller, Roberto Brusnicki, Baha Zarrouki, Alessio Gambi, Jan Frederik Totz, Kai Storms, Steven Peters, Andrea Stocco, Bassam Alrifaee, Marco Pavone, Johannes Betz, "Foundation Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Scenario Generation and Scenario Analysis", arXiv:2506.11526v1 [cs.RO], 2025.
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19. Fatma Outay, Siham Farrag, Anjum Zameer, Ansar Yassar, "Towards a Context-Aware Driving Assistance System (CA-DAS): Advancing Intelligent Vehicular Safety through Multimodal Context Integration", Transportation Research Procedia 96 (2026) — 2nd International Conference on Smart Mobility and Logistics Ecosystems (SMILE 2026), 2026.20. Han Jiao, Chen Liu, Jiakai Sun, Zhanjie Zhang, Mengyuan Yang, Yimeng Li, Mofan Zhou, Kun Zhan, Lei Zhao, "RoadVGGT: Road-Structure-Aware Feed-Forward Road Surface Reconstruction", arXiv preprint (cs.CV), 2026.
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22. Jue Li, Jiawen Liu, Xiaoshan Wang, Long Liu, "The Impact of Transparency on Driver Trust and Reliance in Highly Automated Driving: Presenting Appropriate Transparency in Automotive HMI", Applied Sciences (Appl. Sci.), 2024.
23. Shahin Atakishiyev, Mohammad Salameh, Randy Goebel, "Safety Implications of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in End-to-End Autonomous Driving", arXiv:2403.12176v5 [cs.RO], 2025.
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26. Jingyue Shi, Huaicheng Li, Junhui Zhao, Yanxiang Jiang, "Variational Inference for Bird's Eye View Segmentation in Autonomous Driving", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2026.
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