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Research Article

Multimodal learning for lung disease diagnosis using enhanced deep learning and Explainable AI

Ahmedunissa Hafsa1 Mohammed Ahmed2
1CSED, Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India 2Assistant Professor, CSED, Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Published Online: May-August 2026

Pages: 1029-1037

Abstract

Early and reliable identification of pulmonary disease is important because several respiratory conditions exhibit overlapping clinical and radiological characteristics. This research presents a multimodal deep learning framework for classifying Normal, COVID-19, Pneumonia, and Tuberculosis by jointly learning from chest X-ray/CT images and structured clinical information. The proposed architecture uses EfficientNet-B3 to extract a 1536-dimensional visual representation and a three-layer Clinical Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) to transform patient metadata into a 64-dimensional representation. The two representations are concatenated and processed by a fully connected fusion network that generates a 128-dimensional multimodal representation for Softmax classification. Grad-CAM is incorporated to visualize image regions contributing to the predicted class, while a Flask-based web interface provides real-time prediction, confidence, probability distribution, and explanation. The reported evaluation achieved 98.49% test accuracy, 98.50% precision, 98.49% recall, and 98.48% F1-score. Class-wise F1-scores were 98.03% for Normal, 98.56% for COVID-19, 97.74% for Pneumonia, and 99.60% for Tuberculosis. The results indicate that multimodal fusion can provide strong multiclass classification performance while explainability improves transparency. However, external validation on independent multi-center clinical datasets is required before clinical use.

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