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Year 2026 · Volume 5 · Issue 2
Original Article
Blockchain-Enabled Drug Traceability in Healthcare Supply Chains Using Ethereum Smart Contracts and Location-Aware Tracking
Salveru Samay1
Ganji Manoj2
Vemula Saitharun3
1 2 3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Published Online: May-August 2026
Pages: 1021-1028
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/indjcst.20260502112References
1. World Health Organization, "Substandard and falsified medical products," WHO Fact Sheet, 2024. [Online]. Available:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/substandard-and-falsified-medical-products
2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, "Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA)," FDA, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-supply-chain-integrity/drug-supply-chain-security-act-dscsa
3. M. Uddin, K. Salah, R. Jayaraman, S. Pesic, and S. Ellahham, "Blockchain for drug traceability: Architectures and open challenges," Health
Informatics Journal, vol. 27, no. 2, 2021, doi: 10.1177/14604582211011228.
4. N. Zakari, M. Al-Razgan, A. Alsaadi, H. Alshareef, H. Al Saigh, L. Alashaikh, M. Alharbi, R. Alomar, and S. Alotaibi, "Blockchain
technology in the pharmaceutical industry: A systematic review," PeerJ Computer Science, vol. 8, e840, 2022, doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.840.
5. F. Jamil, L. Hang, K. Kim, and D. Kim, "A novel medical blockchain model for drug supply chain integrity management in a smart hospital,"
Electronics, vol. 8, no. 5, 505, 2019, doi: 10.3390/electronics8050505.
6. S. S. Gomasta, A. Dhali, T. Tahlil, M. M. Anwar, and A. B. M. S. Ali, "PharmaChain: Blockchain-based drug supply chain provenance
verification system," Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 7, e17957, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17957.
7. A. Banerjee, "Blockchain technology in the pharmaceutical supply chain: Implications and challenges," Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 36,
no. 5, pp. 98–112, 2019.
8. N. Alzahrani and N. Bulusu, "Blockchain-based drug supply chain management: A review and future directions," Journal of Healthcare
Informatics Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 245–260, 2021.
9. S. S. Kamble and A. Gunasekaran, "A digital twin-based framework for smart pharmaceutical supply chains," Computers in Industry, vol.
131, 103498, 2021.
10. M. Khan and K. Reddy, "Blockchain-enabled healthcare supply chain management," Telematics and Informatics, vol. 51, 101405, 2020.
11. A. Musamih, K. Salah, R. Jayaraman, J. Arshad, M. Debe, Y. Al-Hammadi, and S. Ellahham, "A Blockchain-Based Approach for Drug
Traceability in Healthcare Supply Chain," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 9728–9743, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3049920.
12. K. Zoughalian, J. Marchang, and B. Ghita, "A Blockchain Secured Pharmaceutical Distribution System to Fight Counterfeiting," International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 7, 4091, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph19074091.
13. F. Chiacchio, D. D’Urso, L. M. Oliveri, A. Spitaleri, C. Spampinato, and D. Giordano, "A Non-Fungible Token Solution for the Track and
Trace of Pharmaceutical Supply Chain," Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 8, 4019, 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12084019.
14. S. Abdallah and N. Nizamuddin, "Blockchain-based solution for pharma supply chain industry," Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol.
177, 108997, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2023.108997.
15. Y. Mezquita, B. Podgorelec, A. B. Gil-González, and J. M. Corchado, "Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Systems, Interoperability Model in
a Pharmaceutical Case Study," Sensors, vol. 23, no. 4, 1962, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23041962.
16. S. Dash, U. Ghugar, D. Godavarthi, and S. N. Mohanty, "HCSRL: Hyperledger Composer system for reducing logistics losses in the
pharmaceutical product supply chain using a blockchain-based approach," Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-
61654-7.
17. R. Konapure and S. Nawale, "Traceability and Verification to Prevent Counterfeit Drugs: A Secure, Efficient Pharma Supply Chain with
IoT-Enabled Blockchain and Smart Contracts," International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 33–
43, 2025, doi: 10.14445/23488549/IJECE-V12I1P103.
18. C. Valencia-Payan, D. Griol, and J. C. Corrales, "Blockchain self-update smart contract for supply chain traceability with data validation,"
Logic Journal of the IGPL, vol. 33, no. 5, jzae047, 2025, doi: 10.1093/jigpal/jzae047.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/substandard-and-falsified-medical-products
2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, "Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA)," FDA, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-supply-chain-integrity/drug-supply-chain-security-act-dscsa
3. M. Uddin, K. Salah, R. Jayaraman, S. Pesic, and S. Ellahham, "Blockchain for drug traceability: Architectures and open challenges," Health
Informatics Journal, vol. 27, no. 2, 2021, doi: 10.1177/14604582211011228.
4. N. Zakari, M. Al-Razgan, A. Alsaadi, H. Alshareef, H. Al Saigh, L. Alashaikh, M. Alharbi, R. Alomar, and S. Alotaibi, "Blockchain
technology in the pharmaceutical industry: A systematic review," PeerJ Computer Science, vol. 8, e840, 2022, doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.840.
5. F. Jamil, L. Hang, K. Kim, and D. Kim, "A novel medical blockchain model for drug supply chain integrity management in a smart hospital,"
Electronics, vol. 8, no. 5, 505, 2019, doi: 10.3390/electronics8050505.
6. S. S. Gomasta, A. Dhali, T. Tahlil, M. M. Anwar, and A. B. M. S. Ali, "PharmaChain: Blockchain-based drug supply chain provenance
verification system," Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 7, e17957, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17957.
7. A. Banerjee, "Blockchain technology in the pharmaceutical supply chain: Implications and challenges," Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 36,
no. 5, pp. 98–112, 2019.
8. N. Alzahrani and N. Bulusu, "Blockchain-based drug supply chain management: A review and future directions," Journal of Healthcare
Informatics Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 245–260, 2021.
9. S. S. Kamble and A. Gunasekaran, "A digital twin-based framework for smart pharmaceutical supply chains," Computers in Industry, vol.
131, 103498, 2021.
10. M. Khan and K. Reddy, "Blockchain-enabled healthcare supply chain management," Telematics and Informatics, vol. 51, 101405, 2020.
11. A. Musamih, K. Salah, R. Jayaraman, J. Arshad, M. Debe, Y. Al-Hammadi, and S. Ellahham, "A Blockchain-Based Approach for Drug
Traceability in Healthcare Supply Chain," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 9728–9743, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3049920.
12. K. Zoughalian, J. Marchang, and B. Ghita, "A Blockchain Secured Pharmaceutical Distribution System to Fight Counterfeiting," International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 7, 4091, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph19074091.
13. F. Chiacchio, D. D’Urso, L. M. Oliveri, A. Spitaleri, C. Spampinato, and D. Giordano, "A Non-Fungible Token Solution for the Track and
Trace of Pharmaceutical Supply Chain," Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 8, 4019, 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12084019.
14. S. Abdallah and N. Nizamuddin, "Blockchain-based solution for pharma supply chain industry," Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol.
177, 108997, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2023.108997.
15. Y. Mezquita, B. Podgorelec, A. B. Gil-González, and J. M. Corchado, "Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Systems, Interoperability Model in
a Pharmaceutical Case Study," Sensors, vol. 23, no. 4, 1962, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23041962.
16. S. Dash, U. Ghugar, D. Godavarthi, and S. N. Mohanty, "HCSRL: Hyperledger Composer system for reducing logistics losses in the
pharmaceutical product supply chain using a blockchain-based approach," Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-
61654-7.
17. R. Konapure and S. Nawale, "Traceability and Verification to Prevent Counterfeit Drugs: A Secure, Efficient Pharma Supply Chain with
IoT-Enabled Blockchain and Smart Contracts," International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 33–
43, 2025, doi: 10.14445/23488549/IJECE-V12I1P103.
18. C. Valencia-Payan, D. Griol, and J. C. Corrales, "Blockchain self-update smart contract for supply chain traceability with data validation,"
Logic Journal of the IGPL, vol. 33, no. 5, jzae047, 2025, doi: 10.1093/jigpal/jzae047.
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