ARCHIVES
Year 2026 · Volume 5 · Issue 3
Original Article
Democratizing Satellite Cybersecurity: A Hardware-Free, Multi-Layer Simulation Framework for Secure Space-to- Ground Non-Terrestrial Networks
Vasavi Sravanthi1
Lakshmi Palapu2
Siri Vennela Amaragani3
1 2Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Methodist College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. 3 Student, Department of Computer Science in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Methodist College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Published Online: September-December 2026
Pages: 273-282
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/indjcst.20260503032
References
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8. D. M. Harrison and S. J. Wood "Kinematics of orbital velocity and limitations in receiver tracking for LEO transits between 400-2000 km" IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing vol. 73 pp. 890–904 Feb. 2025.
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Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1210–1214, May 2025.
10. T. R. Mitchell, and K. J. Foster, "Phase synchronization loops for digital receivers in extreme Doppler drift, kind of situations," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 73, no. 10, pp. 6750–6764, Oct. 2025.
11. L. B. Hansen and S. Choi, "Categorization of continuous sweep electronic warfare signals in space telemetry bands," Journal of Cyber Security and Electronic Warfare, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 74–91, Jan. 2026.
12. R. L. Smith and J. K. Adams, "Direct integration of SGP4 orbital propagation with physical-layer digital signal processing frameworks," Journal of Astro dynamical Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 301–318, Sep. 2025
13. V. Kumar, P. Patel and A. N. Singh, "Feature space mapping for unsupervised anomaly isolation, via Isolation Forests on raw communication wave streams," IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 245–259, Apr. 2026.
14. C. Bennett and G. Brassard, "Experimental progress for BB84 single-photon polarization approach across unprotected free-space optical satellite channels," Quantum Cryptography and Communications, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 112–129, May 2025.
15. I.M. Ghassemlooy and S. Zvanut, "Disentangling atmospheric attenuation behavior from quantum channel requirements in satellite free-space optics," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 540–553, Aug. 2025.
16. I.Yamazaki, and F. J. Torres, "Asymptotic boundaries on Quantum Bit Error Rates under broad intercept-resend assault conditions," Physical Review A, vol. 112, no. 3, article no. 032415, Sept. 2025.
17. I. P. Gallagher and S. R. Joshi, "Asynchronous network design: Transitioning satellite ground backends from WSGI to ASGI processing frameworks", Journal of Cloud Computing and Architecture , vol. 15, no. 1 , pp. 45–60, Feb. 2026.
18. X. Zhang and M. A. Peterson, "Performance evaluations of WebSocket for real-time telemetry data gathering at 5000 packets per second" IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 4321–4335, Jun. 2026
19. A. K. Majumdar and L. J. Sherman, "Modeling single-photon scattering in satellite links, influenced by rain fade and dense fog situations," Optical Engineering, vol. 65, no. 2, article no. 026104 Feb. 2026.
20. P. W. Smith and R. H. Taylor, "Mitigation of false alarms in optical security monitors based on thresholds during adverse weather", IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 188–202, Mar. 2026.
21. N. B. Kundu and T. K. Das, "Atmospheric discrimination matrices with multiple variables for satellite quantum key distribution channels", International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 277–294, May 2026.
22. T. Taleb and B. Khan, "Software-defined networking orchestrations and virtualized ground stations for mega-constellations of multiple satellites", IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 104–112, August 2025.
23. S. R. McInnes and D. J. Kelly, "Measuring operational delays resulting from command-line stovepiping in, conventional satellite ground tracking systems", Space Flight Operations Management, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 140–155, Apr. 2025.
24. F. Granelli and L. Z. Wang, "Routing frameworks that predict, using dynamic real-time geometric matrices for low Earth orbit trajectories" IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1540–1554 Sep. 2025.
25. O. B. Ataman and Y. S. Park, "Optimization of seamless constellation link handover at orbital crossover boundaries" IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 2911–2915, Nov. 2025.
26. G. Welch and G. Bishop, "Recursive linear state estimation: Applications of discrete Kalman filtering in the smoothing of active high-frequency noise" IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 22–39 Feb. 2025.
27. Y. M. Ivanov and V. N. Petrov, "Mitigating electronic warfare through adaptive discrete Kalman filtering for compromised satellite telemetry channels" Journal of Guidance Control, and Dynamics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 612–627 Mar. 2026.
28. I. Bharti and L. C. Kwek, "Quantum circuits using variations for the authentication of multi-axis phase parameters in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces" Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 97, no. 2, article no. 025003, May 2025.
29. I. Shadan, A. Sai Chaithanya, C. Vaishali, S. Mohammed Musharraf, and M. Gulam Muqeeth, “Hybrid BiLSTM-CNN Model with Attention and XAI (SHAP & LIME) for ECG Arrhythmia Classification Using PTB-XL,” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), pp. 2242–2249, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.21275/sr251226130813.
30. A. S. Chaithanya, V. S. Balusa, G. Yashwanth, K. Shashank, and C. Sameerraj, “Early Trimester Multi-Risk Prediction of Pregnancy Complications Using Explainable Ensemble Machine Learning”, AJCST, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 38–46, Sep. 2026.
2. M. T. Hoang, L. E. Zhang, and R. Martinez, "Constraints of high-throughput telemetry and remote sensing in distributed LEO satellite constellations" IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 43 no. 3 pp. 612–626 , Mar. 2025.
3. S. Rajvanshi and K. N. Bhat "Vulnerability mapping of free-space radio frequency and optical satellite downlinks in cyber-physical systems" Journal of Aerospace Information Systems vol. 22, no. 2 pp. 89–104 Feb. 2026.
4. A,Al-Hasan and G. Vermeulen, "Strategies for mitigating electronic warfare in software-defined non-terrestrial communication routes" Space Communications and Networking, vol. 14 no. 4 pp. 411–428 , Nov. 2025.
5. H. Tanaka and P. J. O'Shea, "HITL architectures for validating telemetry controllers in multi-node satellite links," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems vol. 61 no. 2 pp. 1102–1115 Apr. 2025.
6. C. G. Edwards and F. Al-Otaibi, "Closing the academic disparity in aerospace verification: Advocating for completely software-defined satellite systems" Acta Astronautical vol. 228 pp. 145–158 , Jan. 2026.
7. E. Rossi and M. G. Costa, "Anomalies in kinematics and cybersecurity limits in networks within low Earth orbit" Space Security and Defense Review vol. 9 no. 1 pp. 34–50, Feb. 2026.
8. D. M. Harrison and S. J. Wood "Kinematics of orbital velocity and limitations in receiver tracking for LEO transits between 400-2000 km" IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing vol. 73 pp. 890–904 Feb. 2025.
9. Y. Chen and L. Wang, "Dynamics of Doppler shift tracking for high velocity satellite-to-ground links around 5 GHz S-band," IEEE
Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1210–1214, May 2025.
10. T. R. Mitchell, and K. J. Foster, "Phase synchronization loops for digital receivers in extreme Doppler drift, kind of situations," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 73, no. 10, pp. 6750–6764, Oct. 2025.
11. L. B. Hansen and S. Choi, "Categorization of continuous sweep electronic warfare signals in space telemetry bands," Journal of Cyber Security and Electronic Warfare, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 74–91, Jan. 2026.
12. R. L. Smith and J. K. Adams, "Direct integration of SGP4 orbital propagation with physical-layer digital signal processing frameworks," Journal of Astro dynamical Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 301–318, Sep. 2025
13. V. Kumar, P. Patel and A. N. Singh, "Feature space mapping for unsupervised anomaly isolation, via Isolation Forests on raw communication wave streams," IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 245–259, Apr. 2026.
14. C. Bennett and G. Brassard, "Experimental progress for BB84 single-photon polarization approach across unprotected free-space optical satellite channels," Quantum Cryptography and Communications, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 112–129, May 2025.
15. I.M. Ghassemlooy and S. Zvanut, "Disentangling atmospheric attenuation behavior from quantum channel requirements in satellite free-space optics," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 540–553, Aug. 2025.
16. I.Yamazaki, and F. J. Torres, "Asymptotic boundaries on Quantum Bit Error Rates under broad intercept-resend assault conditions," Physical Review A, vol. 112, no. 3, article no. 032415, Sept. 2025.
17. I. P. Gallagher and S. R. Joshi, "Asynchronous network design: Transitioning satellite ground backends from WSGI to ASGI processing frameworks", Journal of Cloud Computing and Architecture , vol. 15, no. 1 , pp. 45–60, Feb. 2026.
18. X. Zhang and M. A. Peterson, "Performance evaluations of WebSocket for real-time telemetry data gathering at 5000 packets per second" IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 4321–4335, Jun. 2026
19. A. K. Majumdar and L. J. Sherman, "Modeling single-photon scattering in satellite links, influenced by rain fade and dense fog situations," Optical Engineering, vol. 65, no. 2, article no. 026104 Feb. 2026.
20. P. W. Smith and R. H. Taylor, "Mitigation of false alarms in optical security monitors based on thresholds during adverse weather", IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 188–202, Mar. 2026.
21. N. B. Kundu and T. K. Das, "Atmospheric discrimination matrices with multiple variables for satellite quantum key distribution channels", International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 277–294, May 2026.
22. T. Taleb and B. Khan, "Software-defined networking orchestrations and virtualized ground stations for mega-constellations of multiple satellites", IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 104–112, August 2025.
23. S. R. McInnes and D. J. Kelly, "Measuring operational delays resulting from command-line stovepiping in, conventional satellite ground tracking systems", Space Flight Operations Management, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 140–155, Apr. 2025.
24. F. Granelli and L. Z. Wang, "Routing frameworks that predict, using dynamic real-time geometric matrices for low Earth orbit trajectories" IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1540–1554 Sep. 2025.
25. O. B. Ataman and Y. S. Park, "Optimization of seamless constellation link handover at orbital crossover boundaries" IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 2911–2915, Nov. 2025.
26. G. Welch and G. Bishop, "Recursive linear state estimation: Applications of discrete Kalman filtering in the smoothing of active high-frequency noise" IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 22–39 Feb. 2025.
27. Y. M. Ivanov and V. N. Petrov, "Mitigating electronic warfare through adaptive discrete Kalman filtering for compromised satellite telemetry channels" Journal of Guidance Control, and Dynamics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 612–627 Mar. 2026.
28. I. Bharti and L. C. Kwek, "Quantum circuits using variations for the authentication of multi-axis phase parameters in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces" Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 97, no. 2, article no. 025003, May 2025.
29. I. Shadan, A. Sai Chaithanya, C. Vaishali, S. Mohammed Musharraf, and M. Gulam Muqeeth, “Hybrid BiLSTM-CNN Model with Attention and XAI (SHAP & LIME) for ECG Arrhythmia Classification Using PTB-XL,” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), pp. 2242–2249, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.21275/sr251226130813.
30. A. S. Chaithanya, V. S. Balusa, G. Yashwanth, K. Shashank, and C. Sameerraj, “Early Trimester Multi-Risk Prediction of Pregnancy Complications Using Explainable Ensemble Machine Learning”, AJCST, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 38–46, Sep. 2026.
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