Current - Issue
Year 2026 · Volume 5 · Issue 2
Original Article
Real-Time UPI Fraud Detection Using a Hybrid XG Boost-LSTM Ensemble with Integrated Explainability
Sayeeda Arshiya1
Dr. Manjula R. Chougala2
1 M Tech Scholar, Computer Science and Engineering, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology Bangalore, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Computer Science and Engineering, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology Bangalore, India.
Published Online: May-August 2026
Pages: 985-989
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/indjcst.20260502108References
[1] A. Negi, D. Negi et al., "A Comprehensive Survey on Machine Learning Techniques for UPI and Telecommunication Fraud Detection,"
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol. 14, no. 11, 2025.
[2] D. J. Lakshmi, "AI-Based UPI Scam Detection Using Crowdsourced Patterns," International Journal of Innovative Research in
Technology, vol. 12, no. 3, 2025.
[3] C. N. Bhavani and S. S. Saheb, "Fraudulent Threats and Mitigating Strategies in UPI Transactions," Proceedings of the 12th International
Conference on Emerging Trends in Corporate Finance and Financial Markets, 2024.
[4] S. S. Bodade and P. P. Pawade, "UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative
Research, vol. 11, no. 4, 2024.
[5] P. Jeyachandran, A. S. V. Akisetty et al., "Real-Time Fraud Detection in Digital Payments Using Machine Learning," Integrated Journal
for Research in Arts and Humanities, vol. 4, no. 6, 2024[6] V. S. Mangali, P. Bhuvaneshwari et al., "Enhanced Detection of UPI Frauds Using Advanced Machine Learning Techniques," European
Alliance for Innovation Proceedings, 2025.
[7] D. J. Kumari, G. Tejaswi et al., "AI-Powered UPI Fraud Detection," International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology,
vol. 10, no. 4, 2025.
[8] K. R. Kavya and R. Usha Sree, "UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,
Communication and Technology, vol. 4, no. 6, 2024.
[9] K. Padmanaban and S. Reshma, "UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," International Journal of Research and Analytical
Reviews, vol. 12, no. 2, 2025.
[10] K. Koli, I. Uge et al., "An Analytical Approach to UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning," International
Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, vol. 11, no. 5, 2024.
[11] H. Sharma, K. Sharma and R. Kumar, "UPI Fraud Detection System with LIME-Based Explainability," International Journal of Innovative
Science and Research Technology, vol. 10, no. 6, 2025.
[12] K. Koli, I. Uge et al., "Analytical Approaches to UPI Fraud Detection: An Updated Survey," International Research Journal of
Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, vol. 7, no. 4, 2025.
[13] V. Dave and D. Chudasama, "Fraud Detection in UPI Transactions Using Ensemble Learning," International Journal of Creative
Research Thoughts, vol. 13, no. 4, 2025.
[14] S. Malode, A. Wankhede et al., "UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," International Journal for Research Publication and
Seminar, vol. 16, no. 1, 2025.
[15] S. S. Bodade and P. P. Pawade, "Review on UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," International Journal for Research in Applied
Science and Engineering Technology, 2023.
[16] S. Jagadeesan, K. S. Arjun et al., "UPI Fraud Detection Using LSTM-Based Sequence Modelling," ResearchGate Preprint, 2025.
[17] S. R. M. Mehrooz et al., "Deployment Architectures for Real-Time UPI Fraud Scoring," International Journal of Advances in Engineering
and Management, vol. 6, no. 3, 2024.
[18] B. Sethi, S. Mhatre et al., "Machine Learning-Based UPI Fraud Detection Using Random Forest," Atlantis Press Proceedings, 2025.
[19] Stripe, Inc., "How Machine Learning Works for Payment Fraud Detection and Prevention," Stripe Engineering Blog, 2024. [Online].
Available: https://stripe.com/blog
[20] NPCI, "UPI Product Statistics," National Payments Corporation of India, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.npci.org.in/what
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol. 14, no. 11, 2025.
[2] D. J. Lakshmi, "AI-Based UPI Scam Detection Using Crowdsourced Patterns," International Journal of Innovative Research in
Technology, vol. 12, no. 3, 2025.
[3] C. N. Bhavani and S. S. Saheb, "Fraudulent Threats and Mitigating Strategies in UPI Transactions," Proceedings of the 12th International
Conference on Emerging Trends in Corporate Finance and Financial Markets, 2024.
[4] S. S. Bodade and P. P. Pawade, "UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative
Research, vol. 11, no. 4, 2024.
[5] P. Jeyachandran, A. S. V. Akisetty et al., "Real-Time Fraud Detection in Digital Payments Using Machine Learning," Integrated Journal
for Research in Arts and Humanities, vol. 4, no. 6, 2024[6] V. S. Mangali, P. Bhuvaneshwari et al., "Enhanced Detection of UPI Frauds Using Advanced Machine Learning Techniques," European
Alliance for Innovation Proceedings, 2025.
[7] D. J. Kumari, G. Tejaswi et al., "AI-Powered UPI Fraud Detection," International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology,
vol. 10, no. 4, 2025.
[8] K. R. Kavya and R. Usha Sree, "UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,
Communication and Technology, vol. 4, no. 6, 2024.
[9] K. Padmanaban and S. Reshma, "UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," International Journal of Research and Analytical
Reviews, vol. 12, no. 2, 2025.
[10] K. Koli, I. Uge et al., "An Analytical Approach to UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning," International
Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, vol. 11, no. 5, 2024.
[11] H. Sharma, K. Sharma and R. Kumar, "UPI Fraud Detection System with LIME-Based Explainability," International Journal of Innovative
Science and Research Technology, vol. 10, no. 6, 2025.
[12] K. Koli, I. Uge et al., "Analytical Approaches to UPI Fraud Detection: An Updated Survey," International Research Journal of
Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, vol. 7, no. 4, 2025.
[13] V. Dave and D. Chudasama, "Fraud Detection in UPI Transactions Using Ensemble Learning," International Journal of Creative
Research Thoughts, vol. 13, no. 4, 2025.
[14] S. Malode, A. Wankhede et al., "UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," International Journal for Research Publication and
Seminar, vol. 16, no. 1, 2025.
[15] S. S. Bodade and P. P. Pawade, "Review on UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning," International Journal for Research in Applied
Science and Engineering Technology, 2023.
[16] S. Jagadeesan, K. S. Arjun et al., "UPI Fraud Detection Using LSTM-Based Sequence Modelling," ResearchGate Preprint, 2025.
[17] S. R. M. Mehrooz et al., "Deployment Architectures for Real-Time UPI Fraud Scoring," International Journal of Advances in Engineering
and Management, vol. 6, no. 3, 2024.
[18] B. Sethi, S. Mhatre et al., "Machine Learning-Based UPI Fraud Detection Using Random Forest," Atlantis Press Proceedings, 2025.
[19] Stripe, Inc., "How Machine Learning Works for Payment Fraud Detection and Prevention," Stripe Engineering Blog, 2024. [Online].
Available: https://stripe.com/blog
[20] NPCI, "UPI Product Statistics," National Payments Corporation of India, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.npci.org.in/what
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