Current - Issue
Thesis
The Implementation of Digital Payment for Government Collections in Davao del Norte
James Carl N. Sialsa1
Mayumi Berdos2
Dan Archie Veloso3
Norjana Abbas4
Felmark Levara, MPA5
1 2 3 4 Coalition of Futures Public Administrator, Bachelor of Public Administration, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines. 5 Davao Del Norte State College, New Visayas, Panabo City, Davao del Norte, Philippines.
Published Online: May-August 2026
Pages: 693-705
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/indjcst.20260502080
References
1. Acopiado, I. M., Sarmiento, J. M., Romo, G. D., Acuna, T., Traje, A. M., & Wahing, G. (2022). Digital payment adoption during the COVID-
19 pandemic in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science, 151, 1185–1196. https://doi.org/10.56899/151.03.31
2. Ajzen, I., (1991). The planned behavior theory. Human decision processes and organizational behavior 50(2), 179- 211.
3. Al-Mamary, Y. H., & Alshallaqi, M. (2023). Making digital government more inclusive: An integrated perspective. Social Sciences, 12(10),
557. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12100557
4. Bandyopadhyay, S., & Guerrero Amparan, J. P. (2025, March 26). Code against corruption: How GovTech is reshaping the fight against
corruption.World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/governance/code-against-corruption-- how-govtech-is-reshaping-the-fight-agai
5. Bajar, J. T. F. (2020). E-government in the Philippines: An assessment (Preprint). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27627.36643
6. Bank for International Settlements. (2020). Sound practices: Implications of fintech developments for banks and bank supervisors.
BIS. https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d431.htm
7. Beheri, T., Simbawa, H., & Husain, M. K. (2025). Consumer trust in digital payment systems. Journal of Information Systems Engineering
and Management, 10(42S). https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i42s.8179
8. Better Than Cash Alliance. (2026). Thepriceof internalhidden costs of old government payment processing systems. PayIt.
https://payitgov.com/blog/hidden-costs-of-outdated-government-payment- processing-systems/
9. Better Than Cash Alliance. (2020). Learning series - Institutional capacity-building on digital payments is required in case recommendations
should bring sustainable national change.https://www.betterthancash.org/news/learning-series- institutional-capacity-building-on-
digital-payments-is-needed-if- recommendations-are-to-achieve-sustainable-national-transformation
10. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Application of thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-
101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
11. Bureau of internal revenue, (2022). Electronic Filing and Payment System (eFps). As to EFPS at https://efps.bir.gov.ph/eFPSFAQ.html
12. Bureau of Internal Revenue. (2020). Electronic Filing and Payment System (eFPS)F.A.Q. https://efps.bir.gov.ph/efps-war/eFPSFAQ.html
13. Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Simple or complex:
Purposive sampi Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
14. Catalis. (2025). The government has achieved rapid governmental digital payments. https://catalisgov.com/accelerating-digital-
payments-in-government/
15. Cypress, B. S. (2017). Rigor or reliability and validity in qualitative research: Perspectives, strategies, reconceptualization, and
recommendations. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 36(4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000253
16. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–
340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
17. Davis, F. D. (1989). The user-friendliness of the Information technology, the perceived usefulness, and the acceptance of the user. Mis
Quarterly, 319-340
18. Deloitte.(2017).Payment’sdigitisationandfinancialcrimerisk:Bankingortechnology?DeloitteAustralia.https://www.deloitte.com/au/en/services/c
onsulti ng- financial/blogs/payments-digitisation-financial-crime-risk.html
19. Department of Information and Communications Technology. (2020). DICT promotes data-drivengovernancethrough ICT statistics in the
Philippines [Press release]. https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/dict-promotes-data-driven-governance- through-ict-statistics
20. Department of Information and Communications Technology. (2023). DICT’s National Broadband Project transforms Northern Luzon with
438 satellite broadband sites. https://kacific.com/ph/news/dicts-national-broadband-project-transforms- northern-luzon-with-438-satellite-
broadband-sites/
21. Digital Regulation Platform (2023). National digital transformation strategy Map the digital journey. https://digitalregulation.org/national-
digital-transformation- strategy-mapping-the-digital-journey/
22. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational
fields.American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
23. Djatmiko, G. H., Sinaga, O., & Pawirosumarto, S. (2025). Digital transformation and social inclusion in public services: A qualitativeanalysis of e-government adoption for marginalized communities in sustainable governance. Sustainability, 17(7), 2908.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072908
24. Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research (7th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/an-introduction-to-
qualitative- research/book258450 (sagepub.com
25. Good Things Foundation, Lloyds Banking Group, Nominet, & University of Liverpool. (2024). Digital inclusion: What the main UK
datasets tell us. Good Things Foundation.https://www.goodthingsfoundation.org/policy-and- research/research-and-evidence/research-
2024/digital-inclusion-datasets
26. Hofland, D., Hattink, C. J. M. et van Ginkel, L., & van Ginkel, L. (2020). Orchestrate continuous change to enable digital transformation.
2020(3). Compact, 2020(3). https://www.compact.nl/articles/orchestrating-continuous-change-to-enable- digital-transformation/
27. Khando, K., Islam, M. S., & Gao, S. (2023). The Emerging Technologies of Digital Payments and Associated Challenges: A Systematic
Literature Review. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15010021
28. Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., & Bradway, C. (2017). Characteristics of qualitative descriptive studies: A systematic review. Research in Nursing &
Health, 40(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21768
29. Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal
of General Practice, 24(1), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092
30. Labausa, F. S., & Arnaiz, J. B. (2024). New digital technologies: The application of mobile payment systems and the challenges related
to this matter among customers. Philippines Financial Executives Institute-FINEXBook(4thEdition). https://finex.org.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2024/02/FINAL-Finex-Book-4th- Edition.pdf.
31. Lagura, G. (2025): Towards Digital Governance Divide Index Development: Evaluating city government websites in the Philippines. Journal
of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences) 18(1) 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.69650/jcdrhs.2025.717
32. La International Telecommunication Union. (2021). Facts and figures 2021: Measuring digital development. Geneva, Switzerland: ITU.
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU- D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx
33. Mao, Z., & Zhu, Y. (2025). Does e-government integration contribute to the quality and equality of local public services? Empirical evidence
from China. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), Article 242. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04539-y
34. Mothobi, O., Kebotsamang, K. The impact of network coverage on adoption of Fintech and financial inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa.
Economic structures 13, 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-023-00326-7.
35. Nguyen, T., Hoang, T. G., & Nguyen, P. M. (2024). Exploring the impact of digital distrust on user resistance to e-health services among
older adults: The moderating effect of anticipated regret. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, Article 34579.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03457-
36. Nomura Research Institute. (2023, November 29). Filipinos trust e-wallets despite issues encountered. BusinessWorld Online.
https://www.bworldonline.com/banking-finance/2023/11/29/560225/filipinos- trust-e-wallets-despite-issues/
37. Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
38. Oenpay AIT Austrian Institute of Technology. (2025). Payments and impacts on vulnerablegroups.https://www.oenpay.at/en/study-
digitalization-in-payments- and-effects-on-vulnerable-groups/
39. Philippine Information Agency. (2021, December 16). LANDBANK scales up BIR’s push for digital tax payments [Press release].
https://mirror.pia.gov.ph/press- releases/2021/12/16/landbank-scales-up-birs-push-for-digital-tax-payments
40. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2021). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer
Health. https://medicine.lww.com/Book/Show/941407
41. Potipiroon, W., & Faerman, S. (2020). Tired from working hard? Examining the effect of organizational citizenship behavior on emotional
exhaustion and the buffering roles of publservice motivation and perceived supervisor support. Public Performance & Management Review,
43(6), 1260–1291. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1742168
42. Quimba, F. M. A., Barral, M. A. A., & Carlos, J. C. T. (2021). Analysis of the FinTech landscape in the Philippines: Implications for financial
services, banking, and digital transformation during COVID-19 (PIDS Discussion Paper No. 2021-29). Philippine Institute for Development
Studies. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2021.29
43. Sandelowski, M. (2000). Whatever became of qualitative description? Nursing and Health, 23(4):334-340.https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-
240X (200008)23:4%3C334::AID-NUR9%3E3.0.CO;2-G
44. Saunders, B., Kitzinger, J., & Kitzinger, C. (2015). Anonymising interview data: Challenges and compromise in practice. Qualitative Research,
15(5), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794114550439
45. Social Security System. (2022). SSS guide to payment reference number (PRN). Republic of the Philippines Social Security System.
https://www.sss.gov.ph/pay-contribution
46. Shaw, R., Kim, Y. K., & Hua, J. (2020). Governments’ digital health strategies and adoption during COVID-19: An international
comparison. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176202
47. Singh, A. (2023). E-governance: Moving towards digital governance. Vidya – A Journal of Gujarat University, 2, 204–
215. https://doi.org/10.47413/vidya.v2i1.173
48. Social Security System. (2021). 2020 annual report: SSS in 2020: Accelerating digitalization with expreSSS.
Social Security System.https://www.sss.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2022/05/2020-AR.pdf
49. Padeiro, M., Bueno-Larraz, B., & Freitas, Â. (2021). Local governments’ use of social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of
Portugal. Government Information Quarterly, 38(4), Article 101620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101620 UNESCO. (2018).
Global framework of reference on digital literacy skills: Indicator 4.4.2. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265401
50. UNESCO. (2018). Global framework of reference on digital literacy skills: Indicator 4.4.2. UNESCO.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265401 Vaportzis, E., Giatsi Clausen, M., & Gow, A. J. (2017). Older adults’ perceptions of
technology and barriers to interacting with tablet computers: A focus group study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1687.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01687
51. Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four longitudinal field studies.
Management Science, 46(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926
52. Veltri, G. A., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Folkvdord, F., Theben, A., & Gaskell, G. (2020). The impact of online platform transparency of
information on consumers’ choices. Behavioural Public Policy, 7(1), 55–82.
https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.11
53. WorldBank. (2023). DIGITAL PROGRESS and Trends Report 2023
Published By: Fifth Dimension Research Publication https://fdrpjournals.org/ 705 | P a g e
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099031924192524293/pdf/P180 107173682d0431bf651fded74199f10.pdf
54. World Bank; NEDA. (2020). The Philippiines Digital Economy Report 2020 A BETTER NORMAL UNDER COVID-19: DIGITALIZING
the Philippiines Economy NOW. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/796871601650398190/pdf/Philip pines-Digital-Economy-
Report-2020-A-Better-Normal-Under-COVID-19- Digitalizing-the-Philippine-Economy-Now.pdf
19 pandemic in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science, 151, 1185–1196. https://doi.org/10.56899/151.03.31
2. Ajzen, I., (1991). The planned behavior theory. Human decision processes and organizational behavior 50(2), 179- 211.
3. Al-Mamary, Y. H., & Alshallaqi, M. (2023). Making digital government more inclusive: An integrated perspective. Social Sciences, 12(10),
557. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12100557
4. Bandyopadhyay, S., & Guerrero Amparan, J. P. (2025, March 26). Code against corruption: How GovTech is reshaping the fight against
corruption.World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/governance/code-against-corruption-- how-govtech-is-reshaping-the-fight-agai
5. Bajar, J. T. F. (2020). E-government in the Philippines: An assessment (Preprint). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27627.36643
6. Bank for International Settlements. (2020). Sound practices: Implications of fintech developments for banks and bank supervisors.
BIS. https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d431.htm
7. Beheri, T., Simbawa, H., & Husain, M. K. (2025). Consumer trust in digital payment systems. Journal of Information Systems Engineering
and Management, 10(42S). https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i42s.8179
8. Better Than Cash Alliance. (2026). Thepriceof internalhidden costs of old government payment processing systems. PayIt.
https://payitgov.com/blog/hidden-costs-of-outdated-government-payment- processing-systems/
9. Better Than Cash Alliance. (2020). Learning series - Institutional capacity-building on digital payments is required in case recommendations
should bring sustainable national change.https://www.betterthancash.org/news/learning-series- institutional-capacity-building-on-
digital-payments-is-needed-if- recommendations-are-to-achieve-sustainable-national-transformation
10. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Application of thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-
101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
11. Bureau of internal revenue, (2022). Electronic Filing and Payment System (eFps). As to EFPS at https://efps.bir.gov.ph/eFPSFAQ.html
12. Bureau of Internal Revenue. (2020). Electronic Filing and Payment System (eFPS)F.A.Q. https://efps.bir.gov.ph/efps-war/eFPSFAQ.html
13. Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Simple or complex:
Purposive sampi Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
14. Catalis. (2025). The government has achieved rapid governmental digital payments. https://catalisgov.com/accelerating-digital-
payments-in-government/
15. Cypress, B. S. (2017). Rigor or reliability and validity in qualitative research: Perspectives, strategies, reconceptualization, and
recommendations. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 36(4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000253
16. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–
340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
17. Davis, F. D. (1989). The user-friendliness of the Information technology, the perceived usefulness, and the acceptance of the user. Mis
Quarterly, 319-340
18. Deloitte.(2017).Payment’sdigitisationandfinancialcrimerisk:Bankingortechnology?DeloitteAustralia.https://www.deloitte.com/au/en/services/c
onsulti ng- financial/blogs/payments-digitisation-financial-crime-risk.html
19. Department of Information and Communications Technology. (2020). DICT promotes data-drivengovernancethrough ICT statistics in the
Philippines [Press release]. https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/dict-promotes-data-driven-governance- through-ict-statistics
20. Department of Information and Communications Technology. (2023). DICT’s National Broadband Project transforms Northern Luzon with
438 satellite broadband sites. https://kacific.com/ph/news/dicts-national-broadband-project-transforms- northern-luzon-with-438-satellite-
broadband-sites/
21. Digital Regulation Platform (2023). National digital transformation strategy Map the digital journey. https://digitalregulation.org/national-
digital-transformation- strategy-mapping-the-digital-journey/
22. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational
fields.American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
23. Djatmiko, G. H., Sinaga, O., & Pawirosumarto, S. (2025). Digital transformation and social inclusion in public services: A qualitativeanalysis of e-government adoption for marginalized communities in sustainable governance. Sustainability, 17(7), 2908.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072908
24. Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research (7th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/an-introduction-to-
qualitative- research/book258450 (sagepub.com
25. Good Things Foundation, Lloyds Banking Group, Nominet, & University of Liverpool. (2024). Digital inclusion: What the main UK
datasets tell us. Good Things Foundation.https://www.goodthingsfoundation.org/policy-and- research/research-and-evidence/research-
2024/digital-inclusion-datasets
26. Hofland, D., Hattink, C. J. M. et van Ginkel, L., & van Ginkel, L. (2020). Orchestrate continuous change to enable digital transformation.
2020(3). Compact, 2020(3). https://www.compact.nl/articles/orchestrating-continuous-change-to-enable- digital-transformation/
27. Khando, K., Islam, M. S., & Gao, S. (2023). The Emerging Technologies of Digital Payments and Associated Challenges: A Systematic
Literature Review. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15010021
28. Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., & Bradway, C. (2017). Characteristics of qualitative descriptive studies: A systematic review. Research in Nursing &
Health, 40(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21768
29. Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal
of General Practice, 24(1), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092
30. Labausa, F. S., & Arnaiz, J. B. (2024). New digital technologies: The application of mobile payment systems and the challenges related
to this matter among customers. Philippines Financial Executives Institute-FINEXBook(4thEdition). https://finex.org.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2024/02/FINAL-Finex-Book-4th- Edition.pdf.
31. Lagura, G. (2025): Towards Digital Governance Divide Index Development: Evaluating city government websites in the Philippines. Journal
of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences) 18(1) 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.69650/jcdrhs.2025.717
32. La International Telecommunication Union. (2021). Facts and figures 2021: Measuring digital development. Geneva, Switzerland: ITU.
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU- D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx
33. Mao, Z., & Zhu, Y. (2025). Does e-government integration contribute to the quality and equality of local public services? Empirical evidence
from China. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), Article 242. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04539-y
34. Mothobi, O., Kebotsamang, K. The impact of network coverage on adoption of Fintech and financial inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa.
Economic structures 13, 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-023-00326-7.
35. Nguyen, T., Hoang, T. G., & Nguyen, P. M. (2024). Exploring the impact of digital distrust on user resistance to e-health services among
older adults: The moderating effect of anticipated regret. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, Article 34579.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03457-
36. Nomura Research Institute. (2023, November 29). Filipinos trust e-wallets despite issues encountered. BusinessWorld Online.
https://www.bworldonline.com/banking-finance/2023/11/29/560225/filipinos- trust-e-wallets-despite-issues/
37. Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
38. Oenpay AIT Austrian Institute of Technology. (2025). Payments and impacts on vulnerablegroups.https://www.oenpay.at/en/study-
digitalization-in-payments- and-effects-on-vulnerable-groups/
39. Philippine Information Agency. (2021, December 16). LANDBANK scales up BIR’s push for digital tax payments [Press release].
https://mirror.pia.gov.ph/press- releases/2021/12/16/landbank-scales-up-birs-push-for-digital-tax-payments
40. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2021). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer
Health. https://medicine.lww.com/Book/Show/941407
41. Potipiroon, W., & Faerman, S. (2020). Tired from working hard? Examining the effect of organizational citizenship behavior on emotional
exhaustion and the buffering roles of publservice motivation and perceived supervisor support. Public Performance & Management Review,
43(6), 1260–1291. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1742168
42. Quimba, F. M. A., Barral, M. A. A., & Carlos, J. C. T. (2021). Analysis of the FinTech landscape in the Philippines: Implications for financial
services, banking, and digital transformation during COVID-19 (PIDS Discussion Paper No. 2021-29). Philippine Institute for Development
Studies. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2021.29
43. Sandelowski, M. (2000). Whatever became of qualitative description? Nursing and Health, 23(4):334-340.https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-
240X (200008)23:4%3C334::AID-NUR9%3E3.0.CO;2-G
44. Saunders, B., Kitzinger, J., & Kitzinger, C. (2015). Anonymising interview data: Challenges and compromise in practice. Qualitative Research,
15(5), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794114550439
45. Social Security System. (2022). SSS guide to payment reference number (PRN). Republic of the Philippines Social Security System.
https://www.sss.gov.ph/pay-contribution
46. Shaw, R., Kim, Y. K., & Hua, J. (2020). Governments’ digital health strategies and adoption during COVID-19: An international
comparison. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176202
47. Singh, A. (2023). E-governance: Moving towards digital governance. Vidya – A Journal of Gujarat University, 2, 204–
215. https://doi.org/10.47413/vidya.v2i1.173
48. Social Security System. (2021). 2020 annual report: SSS in 2020: Accelerating digitalization with expreSSS.
Social Security System.https://www.sss.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2022/05/2020-AR.pdf
49. Padeiro, M., Bueno-Larraz, B., & Freitas, Â. (2021). Local governments’ use of social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of
Portugal. Government Information Quarterly, 38(4), Article 101620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101620 UNESCO. (2018).
Global framework of reference on digital literacy skills: Indicator 4.4.2. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265401
50. UNESCO. (2018). Global framework of reference on digital literacy skills: Indicator 4.4.2. UNESCO.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265401 Vaportzis, E., Giatsi Clausen, M., & Gow, A. J. (2017). Older adults’ perceptions of
technology and barriers to interacting with tablet computers: A focus group study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1687.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01687
51. Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four longitudinal field studies.
Management Science, 46(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926
52. Veltri, G. A., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Folkvdord, F., Theben, A., & Gaskell, G. (2020). The impact of online platform transparency of
information on consumers’ choices. Behavioural Public Policy, 7(1), 55–82.
https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.11
53. WorldBank. (2023). DIGITAL PROGRESS and Trends Report 2023
Published By: Fifth Dimension Research Publication https://fdrpjournals.org/ 705 | P a g e
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099031924192524293/pdf/P180 107173682d0431bf651fded74199f10.pdf
54. World Bank; NEDA. (2020). The Philippiines Digital Economy Report 2020 A BETTER NORMAL UNDER COVID-19: DIGITALIZING
the Philippiines Economy NOW. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/796871601650398190/pdf/Philip pines-Digital-Economy-
Report-2020-A-Better-Normal-Under-COVID-19- Digitalizing-the-Philippine-Economy-Now.pdf
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